Background: Schizophrenia is one of the most important and disabling mental disorders in the world. Males and females are equally affected. Diagnosis is a very difficult problem in this disorder. Because the diagnostic systems such as ICD-IO and DSM-IV are mainly subjective, they are not valid and reliable. Essentially, in the future, we will need to more objective criteria in psychiatry especially in diagnosis of schizophrenia. Neurological soft signs are an example of these objective criteria. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of neurological soft signs in schizophrenic patients and compared it with the prevalence of these signs in other psychotic patients (except mood disorders with psychotic features) and normal subjects. Methods: We compared the neurological soft signs (sensory motor integration, motor. Coordination, consequent complex motor acts, primary reflexes, and eye movements) in 30 schizophrenic patients, 30 other psychotic patients (other than mood disorders with psychotic features) and 30 normal subjects. Diagnosis of schizophrenia and also other psychoses were based on DSM-IN criteria. Normal subjects have been selected form the staff of Roozbeh hospital randomly. Results: The difference between the means of motor coordination subscale of neurological soft signs in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (other than mood disorders with psychotic features) were significant (P value<0.04). There were no significant differences between the means of other subscales of neurological soft signs in two groups of patients. Conclusion: There are some disturbances of motor coordination subscale of neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia. It seems that, these disturbances are evidence of involvements of basal ganglia, motor cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. So it may be suggested that motor coordination as a marker can be used in differentiation between the schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

AB-Boshghabi (Centella asiatica) from Apiaceae family, has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Asiatic countries for hundreds of years.This plant is indigenous to the warmer regions of both hemispheres, including southeast Africa, Asia, Srilanka, the Pacific Islands, Madagascar, Eastern South America, Venezuela, Columbia. It is especially abundant in the swampy areas of India, Iran (around the Anzali lagoon), and Pakistan, Upto an altitude of approximately 700m.This hygrophyte plant is considered as a "vulnerable species" in the Red data book of plant species of Iran. This valuable hygrophyte species has a definitely exclusive habitat around the Anzali lagoon. The major principles are the triterpenes asiatic acid and madecassic acid, and their derived triterpene ester glycosides, asiaticoside and madecassoside.The major clinical indications for the use of centella asiatica in human include the treatment of wounds, venous insufficiency of the limbs, Certain mycobacterial infections and cellulitus. In the present article, we review mainly medicinal aspect of Centella asiatica that hitherto has not received much attention.

Toady, one of the main factors contributing to the air pollution in such metropolises as Tehran are the suspended particles resulting from automobiles, heavy traffic on the roads,  and different industrial activities.Particulate matter (PM) is a generic term used to describe a complex group of air pollutants that vary in size and composition, depending on the location and the time of their dispersion. The PM mixture of fine airborne solid particles and liquid droplets (aerosols) include components of nitrates, sulfates, elemental carbon, organic carbon compounds, acid aerosols, trace metals, and geological materials.ADMS-urban is an advanced model which is used for calculating concentrations of pollutants emitted continuously from point, line, volume, and area sources and of pollutants emitted intermittently from point sources. The model is an advanced Gaussian-type model and uses Gaussian distribution for such concentrations and is recommended for regulatory use for multiple buoyant or passive industrial emissions from urban or rural areas of flat or complex terrains with transport distances less than 50 km and periods of time ranging from a few seconds to a year.The percentage of the suspended particles and meteorological parameters such as the speed and direction of the wind, temperature, and cloud cover were measured for the city’s municipality District 22 over a year, twice in a day (morning and afternoon), and for one week in each month. The data were collected at 13 mobile measurement stations during the critical time of traffic (the time with the highest rate of density and dispersion of suspended particles in the air).The obtained results were presented in the GIS environment of the District because of the availability of sheets in that environment. The output of this mathematical model was compared with the inventory model (databank) of the air pollution in District 22. The results showed a similarity between the output of the mathematical modeling and the real measured data.This model has been used for the first time for modeling the pattern of particles emission in Tehran. The results also showed that due to the existing vehicles and traffic, Tehran-Karaj freeway and the eastern border of District 22 had the highest density and concentration of suspended particles.

The objective of this article is to present the established components with regard to the visual quality and legibility of Isfahan city according to Lynch’s theory. Data was gathered in Isfahan mainly by way of observation and interviews. Additional information was obtained from historical data and urban documents. In the opinion of the citizens, the Zayandehrood River, as a natural urban component, plays the most prominent role in the image-ability and legibility of the city. Moreover, the Siose and Khajoo Bridges, being symbolic urban components built on the river, play a vital role in the visual quality of the city. Thus, it can be said that a creative mix of natural and man-made urban components could advance the impression of the city and also instil the citizens of Isfahan with a feeling of pride.

Extended abstract Introduction The city as a human living environment must have the ability to create a perception of spatial identity, a sense of belonging and a perception of beauty, which are closely related to each other. In the meantime, buildings, cultural spaces, social arenas and in general, any element that is desirable and provides a suitable platform for the formation of collective events can be an urban symbol. Cultural and identity buildings, markets, nodes, hangouts, historical spaces play the role of urban landmarks and with the help of forming an accurate and clear mental image of the city, they shape the physical identity of the urban space. As a result, they are effective in promoting a place attachment. Today, the signs in urban spaces have faded, and this issue has become an introduction to weakening place attachment in urban neighborhoods, and further strongly affects the meaning of urban spaces. Zanjan city is one of the cities with a long history and identity and signs of urban indicators have undergone social changes during different periods, and now the physical space of the city is such that the indicators and signs of identity can be clearly found in the neighborhoods of the city. Therefore, in this study, the aim is to investigate the effect of urban signs on place attachment. In this regard, six neighborhoods of Zanjan have been studied and compared as examples of this study.   Methodology The present research is applied and descriptive-analytical research in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Data collection was done by documentary-library method and field method. In total, 300 questionnaires were prepared in these six neighborhoods, which 50 questionnaires were distributed equally in each neighborhood. To check the (formal) validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of university professors, experts and relevant specialists have been used, and also to check its reliability, pretest has been used. In this way, 30 questionnaires were distributed and completed outside the study area and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculated for different parts of the questionnaire, was higher than 0.7 which show the reliability of the instrument. A completely randomized questionnaire was used to distribute the questionnaire in the study area. SPSS software, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression tests were exerted to analyze the collected data in accordance with the research questions.     Results and discussion According to the results, the place attachment of the six neighborhoods is as follows: The place attachment of the residents in Sabzeh Maidan neighborhood 70%, Saadi neighborhood 52%, Black Alley neighborhood 64%, Ansarieh neighborhood 64%, Golshahr neighborhood 48% and Karmandan neighborhood 62%. Correlation coefficient test also shows a significant and high intensity linear relationship. From the results of linear regression, it is clear that the value of the determined coefficient is equal to 0.511, which indicates the ability of the independent variable to explain the variance of the dependent variable. That is, the independent variable explains 51% of the dependent changes, and the rest of these changes, known as the error quantity squares, are influenced by non-model variables. Also, the value of Watson's camera is equal to 1.45, which indicates that the remains are independent of each other.   Conclusions Findings show that people with a high place attachment have many signs in their mind maps of the neighborhood. These people refer to symptoms that are physical and functional and belong to both physical and functional forms. Most of these people are located in historically and middle-aged neighborhoods where there are more signs. In the second level, people with average place attachment are in the middle and historical neighborhoods. These people also had the most signs in their cognitive maps that were of physical and activity type. They also belonged to a physical and active species. Finally, last level show people with a low place attachment were mostly living in new neighborhoods, where they indicated fewer signs in their mind maps, and these signs were mostly purely physical or purely functional. Findings show that there is a direct relationship between the signs of urban spaces and the place attachment with 0.623% and with a strong and significant intensity. This means that with the increase in the number of urban space signs in the studied areas, the place attachment also increases among the residents. And with the expansion of this, more suitable conditions and context are provided to promote the place attachment in the neighborhoods. In general, we can point to the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable of approval and a significant relationship between them.

This paper attempts to interpret the ways through which the consumers construct pleasures, meanings and identities in urban public spaces in Sanandaj, and to explain how these spaces integrates the consumers. urbanization provides public spaces imbued with signs and images that send different implications to people. In fact, people are participating in urban public life through consuming these signs and images, which in turn affect and change individual social behaviors. This research, by using critical ethnography to study the young consumers in Sanandaj, gathered data through techniques such as direct observation and individual deep interview. The sample was selected by purposeful sampling and the data were analyzed through thematic interpretation. Results showed that the youth consumed signs and images in a mood embed with both resistance and assimilation. On the one hand, consuming signs is a way to resist the dominant codes and discourses, and on the other hand, is a way of being assimilated to social codes and meanings produced by culture industry.

As the most complex manufactured structures, cities face excessive population growth. Their expansion has intensified on high-risk sites, and the available evidence also indicates the continuous increase of all types of natural crises in terms of intensity and frequency. Scientific and experimental findings show that the best way to deal with danger is to promote the resilience of settlements in different dimensions (social, economic-livelihood, physical-spatial and institutional); in other words, resilience in both human and environmental dimensions comprehensively. It decreases and increases. This research has evaluated and analyzed the components of resilience in Sari. The method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and field in nature. The statistical population in this research includes citizens living in the four districts of Sari, and the sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula of 383 people, who were selected from among the statistical population by stratified sampling. The questionnaire is the method of collecting library and field information and its most important tool. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test and structural equation modeling) were used by SPSS and Smart PLS software, and entropy and SAW models were exerted. The research results indicate that the situation of the four regions of Sari regarding social components has better conditions than other dimensions of resilience. In terms of institutional components, they have a vulnerable state. According to the entropy model, among the components of resilience, the institutional dimension has the most weight, and the economic dimension has the least weight. Moreover, according to the SAV model, Region 1 ranks first, and Region 3 of Sari ranks last in having the components of resilience dimensions.

Introduction: urban deprived area can be considered as a symbol of inequity. It can be appeared as result of wrong politics, socioeconomic structures, and inefficient urban management. Lack of practical and suitable system for equity measurement and indentifying and selecting the interventions in order to elimination of inequity has encountered urban developing with problem, policy makers with uncertainty about the appropriate choices and stakeholders with obstacles. The aim of this study was to assess the systematic accountability to citizens in Tehran "urban HEART" study.Methods: In this descriptive study, we used urban HEART method in order to measure equity in Tehran.We used second data to assess systematic responsibility, active participation in municipal activities, rate of standard activities and citizens' satisfaction in the 22 regions of Tehran. We gathered data from municipals, its affiliated organizations, and research institutions. In order to assess the rate of standard processes, we conducted a survey.Results: The average value of citizens' satisfaction (57%) was laid in low middle range. Participation in improvement of municipal services was 87/1%. Reporting to citizens was 3/37 out of 10 and finally, standard processes were not fully appropriate.Conclusion: The assessment of equity in governance indicated that the total performance of the municipal in all areas of governance such as responsibility, citizen satisfaction, participation in improvement of municipal services, and standard performing (55.32%) was laid in average range.

As a historical product of every cultural geography, language is an integral part of every landscape. Linguistic signs, one of the most important manifestations of the city landscape, help the audience easily communicate with the city by reading the concepts directly. Therefore, Persian-language signs are considered one of the identity elements of Iran’, s territorial landscape, and by reading them, people realize their place identity. However, in recent years, the contradictory position of city officials on the expansion of the Persian language has caused the urban landscape to be full of signs of foreign languages. Some of these urban signs, in the form of large-scale sculptures, have been placed in the most influential urban locations, such as city entrances, public spaces, and so on. These urban sculptures, which are generally placed to develop the tourist infrastructure, have been promoted by aesthetic interpretation of media from western cities than non-Persianspeaking tourists. In translating Persian guide signs, the focus has been on the imitation of the branding of European and American cities. Such imitation has been promoted by the media for decades, like linguistic signs, such as emojis, that have been promoted by social media. In other words, the previous centuries’,tradition of architecture in Iran, which used to represent textual elements on the scale of the city and had often more complex linguistic content, gave way to frequent language expressions in the media but simpler content, such as smiley faces, red hearts, etc. Since these developments can affect the deepest collective memories of the citizens by being placed in the public space of the city, this article aims to deal with the roots of the formation and promotion of these signs with a critical and pathological approach.

The urban design is a course, profession and art that aims to upgrading environmental qualities. In this field, attention to vernacular contexts especially religious and cultural places and citizen’ s cognitive image is very essential. Religious places as unifier complexes, has a basic role in urban life. Iranian cities has many religious spaces, as valuable contexts that are threatened by adverse urban construction. Now this question are introduced that though contemporary evolutions, what importance of religious places in urban life and citizen’ s cognitive image? This research aims to studying the importance of religious places especially religious places in citizen’ s cognitive image as identical themes in cultural, social and physical aspects of Iranian cities. The research methods that used in this paper is descriptive, analytical, and exploratory and case study research method with questionnaire usage, interview from people about their cognitive image techniques. In case study, via interview from 40people of Shahr_e_Ray citizens, the cognitive image of Ray citizen’ s has questioned. This questionnaire showed the religious spaces are the basic, important, essential signs and places in urban life. Also religious places are maximum interests between other places. Shah-Abdol-Azim Shrine, Ebn-e-Babouye cemetery and Imamzadeh-Abdollah are the most interesting places. Against, other modern spaces such as parks, cinema, mall and highway have very low role in people’ s cognitive images.